In 1997, while ISTO scientists were studying the possibility of regenerating injured cartilage, they discovered that juvenile cartilage cells produce hyaline cartilage much more effectively than adult cartilage cells in the laboratory. This observation led to the development of a patented process for expanding these cells to create commercial quantities of viable cartilage cells for clinical applications. ISTO is currently in its first clinical application, a Phase I/II Clinical Trial to repair damaged cartilage in the knee joint. More recently, ISTO scientists developed an injectable formulation of these cells to be used in the spine to repair damage to the disc nucleus.